BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, AND POTASSIUM ON PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS AND METABOLIC PROCESSES IN APPLE (MALUS DOMESTICA) LEAVES

Abstract

The influence of mineral nutrition on the physiological and biochemical state of plants is a key factor determining productivity and metabolic activity. This study investigates the effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) on photosynthetic pigments and metabolic processes in the leaves of the apple cultivar Renet Simirenko (Malus domestica). The research focuses on evaluating changes in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid contents as well as the intensity of metabolic reactions associated with nutrient availability. Experimental observations indicate that nitrogen significantly enhances chlorophyll biosynthesis and protein metabolism in leaves, while phosphorus plays a crucial role in energy transfer processes through ATP-dependent reactions. Potassium was found to regulate enzymatic activity and osmotic balance, thereby supporting efficient photosynthetic functioning. The obtained results demonstrate that balanced NPK nutrition contributes to improved pigment stability and metabolic efficiency in apple leaves, which ultimately promotes plant growth and physiological adaptability.